觉得nature的“科学家的英文交流修养English communication for scientists”课程里面说的很简洁，也很在点儿上，大致翻译如下：
Introduction 的结构：
1 背景context
2 需求need
2.1 当前有什么what we have
2.2 需要达成什么what we want
3 工作task
4 本文对象object of the document
Introduction的写作：
1背景和需求（context and need）
背景描述应该大开口，然后像一个漏斗一样把关注范围聚焦到自己的研究切入点；
目的是引起读者/编辑/审稿人的兴趣。“从来没被研究过”并不是一个好的深入研究的理由。
不要为了写背景而写背景，而应该高效地提供信息，帮助读者理解研究需求（need）和重要性（importance），尤其是研究的重要性。
可以考虑按照时间顺序来写，用recently, in the past 10 years, since the early 1990s等字眼。或者也可以按照空间/地理顺序写。
研究现状的描述用来承接背景介绍。如果其中的一个或几个研究需要用一两段文字来描述细节，应该先在introduction里面提供一个简单的思路，然后另起一节，取名为state of the art，再行仔细介绍。
最后强调研究目标（desired situation）。用but，however, unfortunately等字眼强调现实与理想的差距。
一种比较简洁的描述研究需求（need）的方式是，用一句包含需求和工作（task）的话。这句话首先包含目标（objective），然后是为了达到目标所进行的操作（action undertaken）。比如：
To confirm this assumption, we studied the effects of a range of inhibitors of connexin channels . . . on . . .
To assess whether such multiple-coil sensors perform better than single-signal ones, we tested two of them — the DuoPXK and the GEMM3 — in a field where . . .
To form a better view of the global distribution and infectiousness of this pathogen, we examined 1645 postmetamorphic and adult amphibians collected from 27 countries between 1984 and 2006 for the presence of . . .
2 工作和目标（Task and object）
把作者的工作（the task）和文章尝试涵盖的内容（the object）区分开，能使introduction更清晰。
描述工作时，
l 用we或the authors做主语；
l 动词描述研究行为：measured, calculated, etc;
l 用过去时态；
备选动词组合：
apply
We applied Laklöter's principle to . . .
assess
We assessed the effects of larger doses of . . .
calculate
We calculated the photoluminescence spectrum of . . .
compare
We compared the effects of . . . to those of . . .
compute
We computed the velocity predicted by . . .
derive
We derived a new set of rules for . . .
design
We designed a series of experiments to . . .
determine
We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of . . .
develop
We developed a new algorithm to . . .
evaluate
We evaluated the efficacy and biocompatibility of . . .
explore
We explored the relationship between . . .
implement
We implemented a genetic algorithm for . . .
investigate
We investigated the behavior of . . .
measure
We measured the concentration of cadmium in . . .
model
We modeled the diffraction behavior of . . .
描述目标时，
l 用this paper, this letter, etc 做主语；
l 动词描述交流行为：presents, summarizes, etc;
l 用现在时；
备选动词组合：
clarify
This paper clarifies the role of soils in . . .
describe
This paper describes the mechanism by which . . .
detail
This paper details the algorithm used for . . .
discuss
This paper discusses the influence of acidity on . . .
explain
This paper explains how the new encoding scheme . . .
offer
This paper offers four recommendations for . . .
present
This paper presents the results of . . .
proposes
This paper proposes a set of guidelines for . . .
provide
This paper provides the complete framework and . . .
report
This paper reports on our progress so far . . .
summarize
This paper summarizes our results for 27 patients with . . .
参考：
[1]科学网-科技论文写作中的科学 - LetPub编辑的博文
[2]Contents of English Communication for Scientists
